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Language tagging, Amazon MOBI, and Metadata (Oh my!)

ONIX

What a year, right? With the approach of the EAA, decisions publishers are making about WCAG compliance, Title II, and Amazon changing its deliverable epub formats (again), the Westchester staff have been hearing quite a lot from our clients. To help address our clients’ questions, and also share information more widely, we put together this brief blog post about some key topics related to digital content and workflows, to help share our perspective and institutional knowledge.

Language Tagging Manuscripts

The goal of language tagging is to ensure that assistive technology can correctly interpret phrases, passages, and certain individual words presented in other than the document’s primary language. It is a requirement for meeting WCAG 2.x Level AA. It is worth noting, at this point the EAA does not explicitly require WCAG 2.x Level AA, but some publishers are more actively pursuing this higher level of standard to stay ahead of the game in case clarifications or new requirements force this requirement over time.

Language tagging is not necessarily needed on every publication. The stated exclusions to this rule are “proper names, technical terms, words of indeterminate language, and words or phrases that have become part of the vernacular.”

The proper names exclusion is taken to apply to “people, places, organizations” (and the like) per CMOS Shoptalk, the Random House Guide to Good Writing (Ivers 1991, which specifically adds “churches, streets”), and DAISY (which helpfully renders this simply as “names”). Titles of works are not part of this exclusion; see, for instance, the article “Declaring language in HTML” where the W3C uses a book title for their example. Technical Terms This exclusion applies to terms which have a technical meaning across languages. WCAG gives the examples of Homo sapiens, Alpha Centauri, hertz, and habeas corpus. In practice, especially within academic publishing and if the tagging is handled by a non-specialist, such terms can be harder to identify. Generally, any jargon falls into this category, but an understanding of the intended audience may also factor into whether to tag or not. Indeterminate Language Gibberish and most constructed languages belong to this category, but Esperanto has an ISO language code, as do Tolkien’s Elvish languages of Quenya and Sindarin, and Star Trek’s Klingon, so all those can be tagged. Part of the Vernacular Foreign words or phrases that find themselves in the English dictionary (to take this from the English perspective) may be excluded from tagging. WCAG gives “rendezvous” as an example. A perhaps better example would be “sine qua non.” If the text in question is italicized, and it’s not to show emphasis or to state the word as a word, that may be a good indication that it should be tagged. WCAG advises, “If there is doubt whether a change in language is intended, consider whether the word would be pronounced the same (except for accent or intonation) in the language of the immediately surrounding text.”

Amazon no longer supporting MOBI Fixed Layout files

As of March 18, 2025, Amazon no longer supports MOBI fixed-layout files. This is similar to when Amazon stopped supporting MOBI files for reflowable books on August 1, 2021. One difference is that besides EPUB, there is an alternate Amazon-specific format which may be more appropriate for some content, Kindle Package Format (KPF). If you are an Ingram CoreSource customer, they are setup to accept this format, and so digital asset management on their platform will be a seamless transition from FXL MOBI to FXL KPF. If you already have content posted to Amazon in the older format, you are not required to update it for it to remain on sale. But if you do update an existing file (e.g. to handle reprint corrections, replace back ads, etc.) you will be required to upload the new file in the KPF format.

Metadata

Rich accessibility metadata in EPUB and ONIX goes beyond ticking a standards box. It actively improves discovery and usability for readers, unlocks new markets, aids institutional buyers (libraries/education), and bolsters a publisher’s social responsibility image. Accessibility metadata within EPUBs makes them self-descriptive about their accessible features, helping users and systems find suitable titles. ONIX metadata allows distributors to “present this information to potential purchasers and readers” ahead of time, so they can make informed choices. Industry groups like DAISY and Accessible Publishing Learning Network (APLN) provide guidance on how to implement this metadata (see DAISY’s Inclusive Publishing “Metadata” page, which provided the preceding quote, and APLN’s “Accessibility Metadata Best Practices for Ebooks”), so that every accessible feature is documented and visible and may benefit users and publishers alike.

To comply with the EAA, metadata should be provided for the relevant accessibility items, particularly those from Codelist 196 and Codelist 143, though other metadata may apply as well (e.g., Codelist 81).

Whatever database or title management system you use to manage your metadata should have fields that correspond to the ONIX codes.

If you’re unsure of which accessibility features are included in your EPUB, you may get most of those details from an Ace report.

Probably the best resource (with explanations and examples of both EPUB and ONIX metadata) is the DAISY Accessible Publishing Knowledge Base metadata page. It still requires some technical understanding though.

The accessibility metadata in a typical EPUB for a non-fiction book with images, and which has been produced with the intent to be accessible, would look something like the following:

<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>ARIA</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>displayTransformability</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>pageBreakMarkers</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>pageNavigation</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>readingOrder</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>structuralNavigation</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>tableOfContents</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>index</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityFeature”>alternativeText</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessMode”>textual</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessMode”>visual</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessModeSufficient”>textual,visual</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessModeSufficient”>textual</meta>
<meta property=”schema:accessibilityHazard”>none</meta>

This is not an exhaustive list. Other features may be present (MathML or long descriptions, for example), conformance level may be identified, and a summary (no longer required) should be included with other relevant info, especially if any shortcomings. And these accessibility metadata items are of course to be included in addition to standard metadata such title, author, and source ISBN.

One important note is that the accessibility summary for ONIX does not have the same guidelines as the summary for EPUB. So, while mapping to ONIX based on the Ace report generally works well, it is not necessarily advisable to copy that for the ONIX summary.

The Westchester team has the expertise you can rely on to make sense of the updated standards and guide you through changes you may need to make to your content to ensure it remains accessible and discoverable for your readers. Contact us to learn how we can help your publication program.

by Tyler M. Carey, Chief Revenue Officer

On Friday, April 12th, the Book Industry Study Group (BISG) once again graciously hosted their annual meeting in-person at New York City’s Harvard Club — as well as via an online stream for attendees not able to join for the day.  BISG is one of the premier US trade associations in the publishing industry, whose work is carried out through a small staff along with the volunteer efforts of professionals from every segment of publishing. I’m active on the Workflow Committee for BISG and I, along with Nicole Tomassi, Westchester’s Marketing & Conference Manager, joined a number of our colleagues from that esteemed group at a table for the day’s events.

Presentation slide with four circles labeled Inclusion, Research, Standards, and Education, connected by arrows

Versa Press’ Matt Kennell got the day started by introducing a panel consisting of outgoing BISG board director and CEO of IBPA Andrea Fleck-Nisbet, James Miller of Barnes & Noble, and Joshua Tallent from Firebrand Technologies. The panel examined the approach of embracing a Virtuous Circle of Inclusion → Research → Standards → and Education, a theme which echoed across the day’s panels. The discussion touched upon the past Trends publication from BISG, the dozens of webinars and events that are supported each year via BISG’s staff of 2 full-time employees, and the efforts of volunteers on their committees, as well as how BISG continues to work closely with companies throughout the industry to curate virtual and in-person events exploring topics ranging from sustainability to metadata to workflow to rights to subject codes, and more. Lastly, the panel zeroed in on the primary goals for BISG to achieve during the next three years, including:

1. Transforming supply chain communication
2. BISG at 50 (which happens in 2026)
3. Resource development
4. Membership growth
5. Membership retention

The balance of the day saw sessions including:
  • “The Case for Royalty Statement Standards”, moderated by Kris Kliemann from Kliemann and Company, outlining the need for standards on royalty statements in the industry. Panelists included Jennifer Weltz (President, Association of American Literary Agents; President, Jean V. Naggar Literary Agency Inc.), Lucina Schell (International Rights Manager at University of Chicago Press), and Donna Laing (VP of Royalties and Rights Data Management at Scholastic). For those of us not involved in rights, this was a fantastic education on the challenges with administering rights and royalties with so many segments of the industry reporting back on sales and returns in different formats and with different expectations.
  • Ken Brooks (Amplify Education) moderated the session, “Moving Out of the Tower of Babel: Improving Efficiencies Across the Supply Chain”, featuring speakers Claire Holloway (Manager of Publisher Relations, OCLC), Alan DuBose (Senior VP of Planning & Data Analytics, Books-A-Million), and Jessica Wells (Penguin Random House). The supply chain is a topic a bit more ubiquitous than rights across the industry as we each have a role to play in it regardless of our vocation, and the exploration of issues related to forecasting, leveraging actionable data within different systems in our tech stacks, and identifying shared pain points put this topic into a shared frame of reference for all involved that spurred further discussions at the reception following the meeting. With the absence of one point of data in the US, as Booknet Canada supports within the Canadian market, there are ongoing challenges we’ll be working through with the help of organizations like BISG.  An example query that a unified data set could help answer for market research and planning was “How many copies of The Great Gatsby were sold across all publishers after it went public domain?” Having access to that type of unified data would help publishers make better decisions on whether to expand or adjust plans for certain titles in their public domain editions lists, for instance.  Everyone walked away from this session with a list to think about specific to their portion of a book’s life cycle.
  • Connie Harbison (Baker & Taylor) conducted a “How Standards for Product Metadata Reflect Shifts in Culture” panel discussion with Geraldine Zephirin (Barnes & Noble), Michael Olenick (Clarivate), and Gina Wachtel (Penguin Random House) that looked at the need for standards, and leveraging BISAC Codes more effectively, as well as mapping them to Thema for international markets. The prior interim speech, “Metadata in Action: Understanding Industry Trends” by David Walter of Circana helped illustrate the picture of why clear, consistent metadata is important for helping ensure discoverability and industry tracking that benefits us all.  The panel’s emphasis on the practical – including hygiene tasks for clearing out outdated BISAC codes from your ONIX feed and metadata – made what can be an arcane topic accessible for those of us in the room who may not have a favorite BISAC code (as each panelist shared they did!).
Man speaking from podium at lower left hand corner of picture, with a large presentation screen behind him showing 2023 US Print Book sales figures
David Walter (Circana) discusses 2023 Supercategory Print Sales during BISG 2024 Annual Meeting
After lunch, three awards were presented including The Sally Dedecker Award for Lifetime Service to Phil Ollila of the Ingram Content Group, who was introduced by BISG and Stationers’ Company member Lorraine Shanley, and the BISG Industry Innovator Award presented to Scribd, who was represented by Andrew Weinstein.
Author Walter Mosley addresses the BISG Annual meeting from the podium on the stage in New York City's Harvard Club
Walter Mosley accepting the 2024 Industry Champion Award during the BISG Annual Meeting on April 12, 2024

The 2024 Industry Champion Award was presented to Walter Mosley by Michael Pietsch, CEO of Hachette Book Group and Mosley’s former editor. Mosley received the award not only in recognition for his body of work, but for his founding of the Publishing Certificate Program at City College of New York (CCNY), his alma mater. His efforts in developing an educational program to create awareness of the opportunities in the publishing industry for people of underrepresented backgrounds was the primary topic in his introduction and in his own speech. To Mosley’s credit, he challenged the room to do more than give him an accolade and move on, but to instead follow his example of driving change in the industry by hiring people from different backgrounds and improving the diversity within the companies involved in publishing books, ensuring all voices and audiences are being seen, heard, and properly represented.

Executive Director Brian O’Leary’s closing session – Book Publishing Next: Changes We Want to See in the Industry – marked the first time Brian has given a keynote during his BISG tenure and provided a capstone to the day by walking through how all of the topics introduced earlier (rights, supply chain, subject codes, metadata, inclusion, and more) were the inspiration for the 3 year plan that had been introduced at the start of the day by the board. Brian highlighted how more growth can be achieved through better management of rights opportunities, managing costs, and being more consumer focused. Brian’s consultative approach to the info gathered through surveys and committee meetings leading up to the event hearkened back to a comment Phil Ollila had made earlier in the day, “People like to be engaged, not managed.” By encouraging ongoing engagement with the audience and the volunteers that comprise the bulk of BISG’s momentum, Brian underscored how the industry plays a vital role in making improvements for the continued benefit of everyone within publishing, rather than a one-way keynote closing the day’s sessions.

The below image cannot be emphasized enough – the volunteers drawn from all walks of the industry drive the content and mission of BISG, making meaningful events like the annual meeting itself and the ongoing webinars throughout the year possible.

Man standing at a podium with a presentation screen behind him showing squares with words including metadata, workflow, rights, supply chain and subject codes
Brian O’Leary, Executive Director of BISG, delivers closing keynote for the 2024 Annual Meeting
Presentation slide outlining future possibilities for publishing industry in North America
What Does the Future Hold – BISG 2024 Annual Meeting

In closing, what does the future hold? Well, Brian shared a few ideas but in the theme of the day’s session, why not join BISG, attend a committee meeting to contribute your voice to the discussion and help steer publishing’s future? More about BISG membership, which is open to companies and individuals, is available here.

Contact Us at Westchester to talk about highlights from the day, and ways we’re helping BISG member orgs and our hundreds of publisher clients around the world with their workflow challenges.