News

April 30, 2025

What a year, right? With the approach of the EAA, decisions publishers are making about WCAG compliance, Title II, and Amazon changing its deliverable epub formats (again), the Westchester staff have been hearing quite a lot from our clients. To help address our clients’ questions, and also share information more widely, we put together this brief blog post about some key topics related to digital content and workflows, to help share our perspective and institutional knowledge.

Language Tagging Manuscripts

The goal of language tagging is to ensure that assistive technology can correctly interpret phrases, passages, and certain individual words presented in other than the document’s primary language. It is a requirement for meeting WCAG 2.x Level AA. It is worth noting, at this point the EAA does not explicitly require WCAG 2.x Level AA, but some publishers are more actively pursuing this higher level of standard to stay ahead of the game in case clarifications or new requirements force this requirement over time.

Language tagging is not necessarily needed on every publication. The stated exclusions to this rule are “proper names, technical terms, words of indeterminate language, and words or phrases that have become part of the vernacular.”

The proper names exclusion is taken to apply to “people, places, organizations” (and the like) per CMOS Shoptalk, the Random House Guide to Good Writing (Ivers 1991, which specifically adds “churches, streets”), and DAISY (which helpfully renders this simply as “names”). Titles of works are not part of this exclusion; see, for instance, the article “Declaring language in HTML” where the W3C uses a book title for their example. Technical Terms This exclusion applies to terms which have a technical meaning across languages. WCAG gives the examples of Homo sapiens, Alpha Centauri, hertz, and habeas corpus. In practice, especially within academic publishing and if the tagging is handled by a non-specialist, such terms can be harder to identify. Generally, any jargon falls into this category, but an understanding of the intended audience may also factor into whether to tag or not. Indeterminate Language Gibberish and most constructed languages belong to this category, but Esperanto has an ISO language code, as do Tolkien’s Elvish languages of Quenya and Sindarin, and Star Trek’s Klingon, so all those can be tagged. Part of the Vernacular Foreign words or phrases that find themselves in the English dictionary (to take this from the English perspective) may be excluded from tagging. WCAG gives “rendezvous” as an example. A perhaps better example would be “sine qua non.” If the text in question is italicized, and it’s not to show emphasis or to state the word as a word, that may be a good indication that it should be tagged. WCAG advises, “If there is doubt whether a change in language is intended, consider whether the word would be pronounced the same (except for accent or intonation) in the language of the immediately surrounding text.”

Amazon no longer supporting MOBI Fixed Layout files

As of March 18, 2025, Amazon no longer supports MOBI fixed-layout files. This is similar to when Amazon stopped supporting MOBI files for reflowable books on August 1, 2021. One difference is that besides EPUB, there is an alternate Amazon-specific format which may be more appropriate for some content, Kindle Package Format (KPF). If you are an Ingram CoreSource customer, they are setup to accept this format, and so digital asset management on their platform will be a seamless transition from FXL MOBI to FXL KPF. If you already have content posted to Amazon in the older format, you are not required to update it for it to remain on sale. But if you do update an existing file (e.g. to handle reprint corrections, replace back ads, etc.) you will be required to upload the new file in the KPF format.

Metadata

Rich accessibility metadata in EPUB and ONIX goes beyond ticking a standards box. It actively improves discovery and usability for readers, unlocks new markets, aids institutional buyers (libraries/education), and bolsters a publisher’s social responsibility image. Accessibility metadata within EPUBs makes them self-descriptive about their accessible features, helping users and systems find suitable titles. ONIX metadata allows distributors to “present this information to potential purchasers and readers” ahead of time, so they can make informed choices. Industry groups like DAISY and Accessible Publishing Learning Network (APLN) provide guidance on how to implement this metadata (see DAISY’s Inclusive Publishing “Metadata” page, which provided the preceding quote, and APLN’s “Accessibility Metadata Best Practices for Ebooks”), so that every accessible feature is documented and visible and may benefit users and publishers alike.

To comply with the EAA, metadata should be provided for the relevant accessibility items, particularly those from Codelist 196 and Codelist 143, though other metadata may apply as well (e.g., Codelist 81).

Whatever database or title management system you use to manage your metadata should have fields that correspond to the ONIX codes.

If you’re unsure of which accessibility features are included in your EPUB, you may get most of those details from an Ace report.

Probably the best resource (with explanations and examples of both EPUB and ONIX metadata) is the DAISY Accessible Publishing Knowledge Base metadata page. It still requires some technical understanding though.

The accessibility metadata in a typical EPUB for a non-fiction book with images, and which has been produced with the intent to be accessible, would look something like the following:

This is not an exhaustive list. Other features may be present (MathML or long descriptions, for example), conformance level may be identified, and a summary (no longer required) should be included with other relevant info, especially if any shortcomings. And these accessibility metadata items are of course to be included in addition to standard metadata such title, author, and source ISBN.

One important note is that the accessibility summary for ONIX does not have the same guidelines as the summary for EPUB. So, while mapping to ONIX based on the Ace report generally works well, it is not necessarily advisable to copy that for the ONIX summary.

The Westchester team has the expertise you can rely on to make sense of the updated standards and guide you through changes you may need to make to your content to ensure it remains accessible and discoverable for your readers. Contact us to learn how we can help your publication program.

March 28, 2025

Observations from the London Book Fair 2025

Six business professionals standing in the Westchester Publishing Services booth during the London Book Fair 2025. — Pictured from l to r: Dennis Pistone, Deb Taylor, Julie Willis, Rebecca Durose-Croft, Christober Masilamani, and Tyler M. Carey

Authors and AI were ruling the world at this year’s London Book Fair. Westchester assembled members of our team from our US, UK, and India locations – our largest team yet – to visit with our clients at the Fair, including Deb Taylor (President), Dennis Pistone (Chairman), Rebecca Durose-Croft (Managing Director, Westchester UK), Christober Masilamani (Managing Director, India), Julie Willis (Editorial Director), and myself. Visit the Meet Our Team page to learn more.

With over 40 meetings spread across the three days of the Fair, it was the ideal venue to meet with so many of our clients, partners, and prospects, to discuss the things that are affecting their businesses and their publications programs. Below is a brief overview, in the hopes that there are a few topics you will find merit some further discussion. If you’re interested in speaking with us about any of the items below or other concerns related to your publications program, we’d love to hear from you!

Rights

o The Rights Hall upstairs at Olympia was doing a brisk business, with authors meeting with publishers to sell rights to their publications, global rights, and an increasing focus on media rights for streaming platforms and studios.
o Authors seemed to be in more of a power position than in recent years, with the rise of self-publishing – like IngramSpark’s platform, which Westchester supports via editorial and production offerings – serving as proof of concept for more publishers than this model had done in the past.

Technology

o AI of course was inescapable. Most manufacturing vendors had some sort of service or widget to enable AI to create efficiency for themselves or their clients. That said, over the course of our dozens of meetings it was evident there remains apprehensiveness from publishers about generative AI getting a hold of their content before it is released to market or scraping it to train models.

o Westchester continues to be thoughtful about how we approach AI, requiring a request and consent from a client before any AI tools would be used for any portions of their workflow, whether it be for generating keywords and metadata, over time the ability to craft alt text using AI, or other requirements. We would like to better understand your organization’s plans regarding AI, and any policies we should keep in mind while exploring any tools to support your needs. If you have a couple of minutes, please share your thoughts, using this short, confidential survey.

o Of all the AI platforms on offer at the Fair, the one that seems to continue to generate the most buzz is shimmr.ai, a platform for online advertising leveraging AI. Their stand party, and discussions throughout the Fair, pointed to their platform as one that is gaining momentum.

o The Fair also served as an opportunity for us to connect in person with thought leaders whom we respect and trust, including George Walkley of Outside Context (sample article on his thoughts on AI) who is leading training for the industry on use cases for AI and providing education via his relationship with the Independent Publishers Guild, and Stable Book Group President and PerfectBound.io CEO Keith Riegert, whom you may know from past Westchester and PW webinar content. Keith regularly speaks on AI, and provides some very practical advice for publishers in this post on the perfectbound.io site.

Accessibility

o Whether publishers are in trade, academic, education, the policy group space, or any other area of publishing, the topic of the European Accessibility Act, and its late June enforcement date reigned supreme throughout many of our discussions. As a DAISY partner and Benetech GCA-certified vendor, we found ourselves in the position of helping many of our clients and prospects evaluate specific action plans for moving forward with remediating their backlist and adjusting their frontlist workflows to better involve authors in the creation or approval of alt text. Our white paper, recently released in partnership with consultant Laura Brady and Typeflow CEO Keith Snyder, provides some further advice to consider on this topic, and you can learn more about accessibility on our resources page.

Capacity

o Many of our clients rely on Westchester as a trusted, strategic partner, tapping into our more than 55 years of operational knowledge serving publishers of all sizes and content offerings. We consult with them as they navigate the best way to grow their lists, increase speed to market, and mitigate risk factors impacting our industries. Few publishers are having those existential leaps about wholly outsourcing their lists these days, which speaks to how well many publishers are staffing to their core business.

Publishers often come to us seeking help with defining workflows where we can take on tasks beyond what an in-house team has the bandwidth to handle. If your in-house production editors or production staff – whose responsibilities may also include paying freelancer invoices, brokering print runs, ensuring files are shipped to warehouses, etc. – can work on XX titles per year, how many books could you publish? With added support from a vendor like Westchester would you be able to complete 20 more books a year? 50? 100? This question was at the core of the conversations we had across market sectors during the Fair – and something we would welcome exploring with you.

Please Contact Us to arrange a conversation about any of the above topics that have relevance for you, or ways Westchester can help you get your books to market more quickly and with the quality your readers deserve.

January 24, 2025

smiling man in front of a window showing the lower Manhattan skyline On January 15, 2025, I had the good fortune to attend the New York Book Forum’s President’s Night event, which Westchester Publishing Services helped sponsor.

For those of you unfamiliar with New York Book Forum, it is in name a regional publishing industry organization, but attracts attendees from all over for their in-person and virtual events, with the audience including publishers, manufacturers, vendors, authors, agents, and more. This year’s President’s Night event was hosted by Scholastic, which provided meeting space and a generous meal in their corporate cafe for the night’s attendees.

Regional organizations like the New York Book Forum are critical to our organization. Westchester has participated in many other regional or industry-specific get togethers over the year, from Bookmachine’s get togethers in London to Society for Scholarly Publishing (SSP) regional events for academic publishers in DC and New York. Certainly the industry is the poorer for the absence of Bookbuilders of Boston, which did not resume programming after the pandemic. Their annual NEPCo awards allowed publishers and vendors to submit joint projects to help educate the industry on new workflow models, products, and more. With publishing friends of mine in the Boston area looking for work right now, the absence of Bookbuilders on industry networking is really difficult, which makes me grateful for the opportunities afforded by events like what New York Book Forum puts on about 10 times per year, to allow people to gather, network, and learn.

man seating in front of audience, with windows showing a backdrop of the New York City skyline behind him. Scholastic’s Irene Chan did an amazing job interviewing Dave McCree, CEO of Lakeside Book Company about the trends he and his colleagues are seeing in the industry. For those of us in production and manufacturing, conversations like this are riveting, but Irene and Dave did a good job making the discussion accessible and entertaining for everyone in the audience. A big portion of their discussion revolved around the practicalities of printing schedules and capacity. There are an enormous amount of titles being printed these days, and each of those projects has to compete for windows of production time, no matter how few or how many copies are being printed. But when factors like the rising trends for deluxe editions requiring foils, stamps, or the ever present edge dyeing are added to the mix, that’s creating competition not just for printing windows but also for specific machinery needed to handle tasks like edge dyeing. Dave shared a lot of solid information about how to work with your production department, your vendors, and your printers to try to preplan and make the initial print runs – as well as reprints – go smoothly.

hallway in Scholastic headquarters featuring wall-sized mural for Clifford the Big Red Dog. Upcoming New York Book Forum events include a virtual event – accessible to us all – about Romance titles. Stay tuned for further learning and professional development events on the New York Book Forum calendar.

Westchester welcomes any input you have about what you are doing to customize your titles, and any ways we can help you manage your production schedules. Contact us to discuss your publications program, today.

October 9, 2024

by Tyler M. Carey

The past several weeks have seen myself, Hugh Shiebler (Director, Client Solutions), and Julie Willis (Editorial Director, Westchester Publishing Services UK) visiting conferences and events that provided guidance and direction on the global book and journal industries.

Bearded man standing next to a conference table at IPG Autumn Conference with a roller banner to the side of the table. Julie and I represented Westchester Publishing Services at the Independent Publishers’ Guild (UK) IPG Autumn Conference in London on Tuesday the 17th of September. The Autumn Conference is an annual must-attend show for Westchester, allowing us to meet with our clients and business partners in the UK trade, academic, and educational publishing spaces, as well as see our partners from Ingram and other businesses for which we support mutual clients. (Learn more about our ePub conversion work on behalf of Ingram Publisher Services clients, and our work on behalf of IngramSpark authors) The topics of accessibility and AI were top of mind for many of the attendees at IPG, as was the topic of the EUDR (more about that in the BMI section below) and changes in the distribution space. Simon Mellins was one of the draws on the topic of accessibility, covering the impact of the EAA and navigating best practices on creating accessible epubs right from the start (‘born accessible’ as some call the practice), and managing the backlist. Westchester continues to collate industry best practices on navigating the EAA on our microsite about ePub accessibility.

Woman with shoulder length blonde hair and bearded, bespectacled man standing next to each other, wearing formal evening attire. Following this, Julie and I represented Westchester at the Stationers’ Company’s Autumn Livery Dinner, where we had the opportunity to meet with a number of our publishing clients and talk with members of the communications industries in software, journalism, and other overlapping industries. We’re an active participant in Stationers’ Company events, due to the way they bring together a number of these different threads of businesses supporting content, and their deep history, tying back to when the Company was the inventor of the concept of Copyright in the UK.

Shakespeare Folio opened to two handwritten pages. The archivist of the Company was gracious enough to show me and another American member some treasures from the Company’s archives the morning after the event, including this page from their copyright register (volume Liber D) — with this page showing the registration for Shakespeare’s First Folio on November 8, 1623.

Screen reading Book Manufacturing Mastered on a wall next to a man speaking from a podium to a seated audience. The Book Manufacturers Institute conference — Book Manufacturing Mastered — was held in Boston on October 1, and brought together a blend of printers, paper suppliers, manufacturers, publishers, and vendors. The focus of topics was less on the editorial and production matters of accessibility and AI that seemed to be the main threads at IPG and SSP (see below), but instead focused on the impact of an East Coast Longshoreman’s strike and the fragility of the supply chain, as well as the EUDR’s regulations about tracking the source of paper and pulp used in printing to prevent deforestation. Panels including MIDLAND’s Bill Rojack (a former panelist on a Westchester Publishing Services webinar), Jim Milliot (editor emeritus of Publishers Weekly), and BMI’s Matt Baehr (also formerly on a Westchester Publishing Services webinar) talked through these topics, as well as the overarching topics of expanding staffing and improving communications with clients within the segments of the industry most directly represented at the conference. Within days of the conference, the strike wrapped up and the impact of EUDR on business processes had been granted more time through a one year delay.

Title screen for SSP Regional Meeting in Washington, DC October 1, 2024 While I was in Boston, Hugh Shiebler attended Society for Scholarly Publishing’s “New Directions in Scholarly Publishing” conference, held in Washington, DC, addressing the interests of the academic publishing and journal publishing industries. A number of the discussion threads, both in formal panels as well as in sidebar conversations with clients and at roundtables, directly overlapped with ways Westchester plays a role in helping our clients navigate their editorial and production needs. The impact of Wiley ceasing development on eXtyles opened up dialogue about alternative methods for handling citations in academic content – an editorial task that can be cumbersome for staff and freelancer editors if not handled systemically. Westchester’s capabilities in this area served as a basis for a lot of discussion with publishers about ways they can avoid the impact of this risk in the space. Other topics that seemed to resonate throughout the two day conference were the risks and opportunities with AI, and the shortage of peer reviewers – as well as alternate models for publication and peer review.

Westchester continues to expand our capabilities to support the changing needs of publishers across markets, including adding to our editorial and production capabilities, exploring alternative uses for publishing technology to help create efficiencies for both us and our clients, and improving our own efficiency in creating accessible ePub files to help solve the budgetary risk of converting large backlists to comply with the European Accessibility Act. Increasingly, we’re helping our 600+ publishing partners with content development, illustration, design, specific editorial and production tasks that are slowing down their staff in-house, as well as wider packaging needs like handling books from copyediting through to final files during peaks of the year. Contact us today to discuss any of the trends referenced in the above conference summaries, as well as your own particular challenges that are either driving up your costs or slowing down your workflow. Let’s talk soon about how Westchester can help you get your books to market on time and under budget.

June 27, 2024

Westchester Publishing Services participated and was an exhibitor during the Association of University Presses Conference which took place in Montreal, June 10-14, 2024. This was the first in-person annual meeting since 2022 and turnout was respectably strong. Here are some of the insights shared by Bill Foley and Hugh Shiebler, who were in attendance.

Man wearing light button down shirt and brown trousers stands behind an exhibit table covered with a dark blue tablecloth and topped with neatly organized notebooks, papers, and pens. There were many topics covered during the conference session and in discussions among attendees in the exhibit hall and elsewhere. While everyone’s conference experience is different, these two themes seemed to continually feature in the conversations we were having with clients and fellow attendees:

Accessibility – with the European Accessibility Act coming into force about a year from now, this is understandably a very hot topic. Publishers have a relatively small window of time to figure out the best way to balance the needs of the EAA and prioritize the titles within their backlist that need to be updated to adhere with the guidelines. As a Benetech-certified vendor, we have been having a lot of conversations with publishers about how to adapt their workflow to make frontlist “born-accessible” and ways they can effectively manage converting backlist content to meet accessibility requirements. Along these lines, you may be interested in the webinar, “Path to eBook Accessibility” on July 10, hosted by Ingram Content Group, with the panel including Michael Johnson from Benetech, Richard Orme of DAISY, Cathy Felgar from Princeton University Press, and Westchester’s Tyler M. Carey.

AI – This vowel combination is dominating conversations everywhere you turn and not surprisingly, it received a considerable amount of attention at the conference. While there are some proponents who are excited about the potential it offers, the general sentiment about artificial intelligence among people within the AUP community is highly skeptical. Understandably, with the proliferation of fake books being sold on sites like Amazon, there are practical concerns about the ability for AI to ingest copyrighted materials without attribution, consent, or compensation, risking reputational and financial harm for authors and publishers. AI is evolving at a very rapid pace and discussion about where to draw the boundaries from ethical, legal, or financial standpoints will continue for the foreseeable future. In April the Stationers’ Company, with support from Westchester hosted the webinar “Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Rights and Intellectual Property” which explored some of the complex challenges the publishing industry is encountering.

While these situations get sorted out, Westchester will continue to be here to support university press and academic publishers as they shepherd their content through the publication lifecycle. When assessing your next season’s list of new titles, backlist materials, or content acquired content from another entity, let us know how we can guide you through your editorial, production, design, or digital conversion challenges. We’re here to help, so Contact Us to talk about how we can make this a less cumbersome process for your press.

Language tagging, Amazon MOBI, and Metadata (Oh my!)